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Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Pieter Bruegel (also Breughel) the Elder (; c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Netherlandish Renaissance painter and printmaker from Brabant, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (so called genre painting). He is sometimes referred to as the "Peasant Bruegel". From 1559, he dropped the "h" from his name and signed his paintings as ''Bruegel''.
Bruegel specialized in genre paintings populated by peasants but he also painted religious works. Making the life and manners of peasants the main focus of a work was rare in painting in Bruegel's time, and he was a pioneer of the genre painting. His earthy, unsentimental but vivid depiction of the rituals of village life are unique windows on a vanished folk culture, though still characteristic of Belgian life and culture today, and a prime source of iconographic evidence about both physical and social aspects of 16th-century life. For example, his famous painting ''Flemish Proverbs'', originally ''The Blue Cloak'' illustrates dozens of then-contemporary aphorisms, many of which still are in use in current Flemish, French, English and Dutch, and ''Children's Games'' shows the variety of amusements enjoyed by young people. Bruegel's winter landscapes of 1565 (e.g. ''The Hunters in the Snow'') are taken as corroborative evidence of the severity of winters during the Little Ice Age.
==Life==
Two early sources for Bruegel's biography are Lodovico Guicciardini's account of the Low Countries and Karel van Mander's 1604 ''Schilder-boeck''.〔(van Mander's Bruegel biography in Dutch )〕 Guicciardini recorded that Bruegel was born in Breda, but according to van Mander, he was born in Breugel near the (now Dutch) town of Eindhoven. From the fact that Bruegel entered the Antwerp painters' guild in 1551, it is inferred that he was born between 1525 and 1530. His master, according to van Mander, was the Antwerp painter Pieter Coecke van Aelst, whose daughter Maria (called 'Mayken') Bruegel married in 1563. Between 1552 and 1553 Bruegel went to Italy, probably by way of France. He visited Rome, where he met the miniaturist Giulio Clovio, whose will of 1578 lists three paintings by Bruegel. These works, which apparently were landscapes, have not survived. About 1555 Bruegel returned to Antwerp by way of the Alps, which resulted in a number of exquisite drawings of mountain landscapes. These sketches, which form the basis for many of his later paintings, are not records of actual places but "composites" made in order to investigate the organic life of forms in nature.〔http://www.pieter-bruegel-the-elder.org/biography.html〕
He received the nickname "Peasant Bruegel" or "Bruegel the Peasant" for his practice of dressing up like a peasant in order to socialize at weddings and other celebrations, thereby gaining inspiration and authentic details for his genre paintings. He died in Brussels on 9 September 1569 and was buried in the Kapellekerk.
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